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ABDOMEN - The posterior
of the three principal divisions or tagmata of the insect body composed of no
more than 12 metameres; functionally, the abdomen is the seat of reproduction
and contains the visceral systems of digestion, elimination, respiration,
circulation, storage and reproduction. ABDUCTOR -
Referable to a structure or tissue, which draws away, or outward from the
central body of an animal or a structure. ABDUCTOR MUSCLE - A muscle that pulls a
structure away from the central body of an animal or a structure. ABDUCTOR TENDON - An apodeme to which the
abductor muscle is attached; a broad, flat apodeme attached to the ectal
margin of the mandible. ADDUCTOR -
Referable to a structure or tissue, which draws into or toward the central
body of an animal, or a structure. ADDUCTOR MUSCLE - A muscle that pulls a
structure toward the central body of an animal or a structure. ADDUCTOR TENDON - An apodeme to which the
adductor muscle is attached; a broad, flat apodeme attached to the ental
margin of the mandible. ADFRONTAL AREA - A sclerite located between the
epistomal suture and the adfrontal suture on the facial region of
lepidopterous larvae; a possible remnant of the frons. SUTURE - A suture
or faintly defined line that parallels the epistomal suture in lepidopterous
larvae. ALVEOLUS (Pl.
ALVEOLI) - A pocket in the cuticula accommodating a seta or similar
unicellular structure. AMBULATORY APPENDAGE - Any
tubular evagination of the body wall used for walking; a leg. ANATOMY - A
detailed study or description of structure, or a reference to structure. ANNULATIONS - A series of minute parallel
ridges partially or completely ringing a structure such as the glossa of Apis
mellifera or the galea of Heliothis zea. ANTECLYPEUS - A distal membranous portion of
the clypeus. ANTENNA (pl.
ANTENNAE) - A segmented, sensory appendage of variable length and design located
on the frontal or lateral margins of the head. ANTENNAL SCLERITE - A peritreme or ring-like
sclerite at the base of the antenna. ANTENNAL SUTURE - A suture separating the
antennal sclerite from the sclerites of the head. ANTERIOR ARTICULATTON -
Referring to the depression or knob on the mandible or subgena upon which the
anterior angle of the mandible articulates with the head capsule. ANTERIOR TENTORIAL ARMS - The
anterior invaginations or apodemes which make up the tentorium; the legs of a
TT-shaped or A-shaped tentorium. ANTERIOR TENTORIAL PITS - The pits
or depressions of the body wall marking the points of invagination of the
anterior tentorial arms. ANUS - The
exterior and posterior opening of the hind gut. APPENDAGES - Any of the evaginations of the
body wall whicharticulate with the body wall and serve a sensory, locomotory,
or reproductive function; legs, wings, antennae, cerci, etc. APODEME - A
multicellular invagination of the body wall; structures comprising the
endoskeleton. ATRIUM - Any
chamber or cavity at the entrance or a body opening; in Musca domestica
larva, the preoral cavity. AXON - A
process or nerve fiber of a nerve cell or neuron. BASEMENT MEMBRANE - The fibrous non-cellular
sheath underlying the epidermis of the integument. BODY
WALL - The integument; all of the elements of the integument
including the cuticula, epidermis and basement membrane. BUCCULA - In Oncopeltus
fasciatus, a descriptive term for the vertical plates of the head arising
ventrally on either side of the base of the labium. CANALICULUS (pl. CANALICULI) - Any minute
canal; the tubes traversing the ectal surface of the labella in the larva of Musca
domestica. CANTHUS - In Phyllophaga
rugosa, a descriptive term for the sclerlte invading the compound eye at
the lateral margins of the clypeus. CARDO - The proximal
sclerite of the maxilla articulating with the postgena and the stipes. CEPHALIZATION - An evolutionary trend
toward the coalescence especially of sensory structures anteriorly or within
the head capsule. CEPHALOPHARYNGIAL SKELETON - A
descriptive term for the sclerotized portions of the rasping and sucking
mechanism in muscoid larvae; collectively, the mouth hook, hypostomal
sclerite and cibarium. CERCUS (pl.
CERCI) - A pair of posterior sensory appendages arising from the tenth
metamere; usually segmented, long and filamentous. CERVICAL PLATE - In the larva of Phyllophaga
rugosa, a sclerotization of the cervix forming a broad plate which is
adnate with the posterior aspect of the head and attached to a narrow
postocciput. CERVIX - The neck
or membranous sheath connecting the head and thorax. CHAETOTAXY - The descriptive anatomy of setal
patterns particularly on the head, thorax and abdomen of larvae, but also
including such areas as the ental surface of the labium. CHALAZA - A
multicellular protrusion or evagination of the body wall; usually a
descriptive term referable to protrusions bearing a large seta. CHEMORECEPTOR - A specialized structure,
usually a seta, provided with sensory nerves for the reception of chemical
stimuli. CHITIN - One of
the basic constituents of the exocuticle and endocuticle of the cuticula; a polysaccharide
chemically identified as a poly acetylglucosamine. CIBARIAL DILATOR MUSCLES - Muscles
arising from the clypeus which dilate the cibarium, or specifically operate
the cibarial diaphragm. CIBARLAL PUMP - A modification of the
cibarial cavity into a pumping device; contraction of the cibarial dilator
muscles expand the membranous walls of the cibarial cavity or raise a
cibarial diaphragm; contraction of the cavity or diaphragm is accomplished by
a return to its normal (unexpanded) shape by means of the natural elasticity
of its cuticular composition. CIBARIUM - The
cavity preceding the mouth formed by the ental surface of the clypeus and the
dorsal surface of the hypopharynx. CLYPEUS - A facial
sclerite lying between the epistomal suture and the juncture of the labrum
with the head capsule; usually the region lying below the epistomal suture or
anterior tentorial pits. COLLECTING CHANNEL - In the
adult of Musca domestica, a descriptive term for the canaliculi
paralleling the discal sclerite into which the canaliculi of the labella
empty or terminate. COMMISSURE - A connective between two
bilaterally symmetrical tissues or structures; e.g., the connective between
two hemispheres of a ganglion or two longitudinal trunks of the respiratory
system. COMPOUND EYE - A photoreceptor comprised of
numerous but separate visual elements each of which is provided with an
individual lens or dioptric apparatus. CONDYLE - An
articulatory structure as a ball-shaped protuberance which is usually
accommodated by a groove or socket to form a joint. CONJUNCTIVAL MEMBRANE - The
membranous invagination or infolding of the body wall between metameres or
between tergites and sternites; actually this is a suture, although the term
is reserved for sutures which permit articulation and expansion between large
sclerotic areas. CORONAL SUTURE - The stem of the Y-shaped
epicranial or ecdysial suture of the head. COXA (pl.
COXAE) - The basal or proximal segment of the leg which articulates directly
with the body wall. COXAPODITE - The basal elements of a
primitive leg; composed of a subcoxa (or pleurites) and a coxa. COXITE -
Divisions of a coxapodite such as the subcoxa and coxa. CUTICULA - That
portion of the body wall which is secreted by the epidermis and is cast off
during ecdysis; collectively the epicuticle, exocuticleand endocuticle. DEUTOCEREBRUM - The median lobe of the
supraoesophagial ganglion; the ganglion which innervates the antennae. DICHOPTIC - A descriptive term for Musca
domestica relative to the distance of separation between the compound
eyes; in female Musca domestica as compared with the male the eyes are
widely separated. DICONDYLIC ARTICULATION - A dual
hinge or two specific points at which a structure is articulated. DIOPTRIC APPARATUS - The
light receiving element or lens of a photoreceptor or eye; usually includes
the cornea and subcorneal crystalline body. DISCAL SCLERITE - In the mouth parts of
adult Musca domestica, a descriptive term for a V-shaped sclerite
margining the prestomum of the labella. DISTAL - Any
point or segment furthest removed from the body mass or structure bearing it. DISTAL PLATE OF THE PREMENTUM - In Apis
mellifera, a descriptive term for the narrow plate anterior to the
prementum. DORSAL GUTTER - A dorsal, longitudinal
groove in the proboscis or labium of Oncopeltus fasciatus; a channel
which ensheathes the stylets. DORSAL LATERAL PLATE - One of
the principal articulatory sclerites of the cervix; part of a hinge sclerite. DORSAL SENSORY PAPILLAE - In the
larva of Musca domestica, a dorsal pair of minute, sensory projections
at the anterior aspect of the larval head. ECDYSIAL SUTURE - A Y-shaped cranial suture
found in larvae and some adults along which the integument is ruptured during
molting; the epicranial suture. ECTAL - Any
surface furthest removed from the principal body mass. ENDITE - A mesal
lobe of the coxapodite. ENDOCUTICLE - The innermost layer of the
cuticula lying between the exocuticle and the epidermis. ENDOSKELETON - Collectively, the multicellular
invaginations of the integument or apodemes, e.g., tentorium ENTAL - Any
surface nearest the principal body mass. EPICRANIAL SUTURE - A Y-shaped cranial suture
occurring in larvae and some adults; the ecdysial suture of larvae. EPICUTICLE - The thin, outermost layer of the
cuticula. EPIDERMIS - The epithelial layer of cells
which secrete the cuticula; the hypodermis of authors. EPIPHARYNX - A membranous lobe in the oral
cavity of Apis mellifera arising from the ental surface of the
clypeus; a flap underlying the labrum (but not a part of it). EPISTOMAL RIDGE - The infolding or apodeme
of the epistomal suture to which the anterior arms of the tentorium are
anchored; usually a prominent endoskeletal projection. EPISTOMAL SUTURE - A transverse cranial
suture bearing the anterior tentorial pits and demarcating the clypeus and
the frons. EVAGINATION - An outward projection or
protrusion of the body wall. EXITE - A lobe
of the coxapodite occurring on the outer or ectal surface of the appendage. EXOCUTICLE - The middle, sclerotized layer of
the cuticula. EXOSKELETON - Refers to the sclerotized
integument which serves mechanically as a skeleton. EYES - Any of
the photo receptors such as the compound eyes and ocelli. FEMUR - The
second proximal segment of the telopodite; the leg segment articulating with
the trochanter and the tibia. FOOD CANAL - Any of the tubes formed by
grooved and closely appressed structures used for conducting liquid foods in
haustellate mouth parts. FOOD CHANNEL - In the larva of Musca
domestica, the series of parallel grooves on the ventral surface of the
larval head which appear to aid in channeling fluids into the functional
mouth; in the haustellate mouth parts, the tube through which liquids are
drawn. FOOD GLANDS - Extensively coiled, lobular
glands with ducts on the posterior lateral margins of the hypopharyngial lobe
in the worker caste of Apis mellifera; these glands secrete the royal
jelly fed to bee larvae; the hypopharyngial glands. FOSSA
OF THE PROBOSCIS - In Apis mellifera, the
ventral depression of the head which accommodates the labium or basal portion
of the proboscis. FRONS - A facial
area of the head dorsad of the epistomal suture and between the compound
eyes; the facial area enclosed by the frontal sutures of the epicranial or
ecdysial suture; the "front" of authors. FRONTAL BRACE - In the larva of Heliothis
zea, the apodeme arising from the frontal sulcus; an internal ridge thought
to be an invaginated frons. FRONTAL GANGLION - A small globular ganglion
of the stomodeal nervous system lying above the oesophagus and in front of
the supraoesophagial ganglion. FRONTAL LUNULE - In the adult Musca
domestica, a descriptive term for a triangular sclerite lying at the apex
of the frons and above the antennal sockets. FRONTAL MUSCLE - A muscle arising from the
ental surface of the frons and associated with the pharynx, in Heliothis
zea, one of the muscles associated with the cibarial pump. FRONTAL SACS - In the larva of Musca
domestica, sac-like invaginations lying behind the cibarial apparatus;
contains the primordial cells for the frontal areas and appendages of the
adult head. FRONTAL SULCUS - In the larva of Heliothis
zea, a deep groove or suture of the head giving rise to the frontal
ridge; what appears to be a coronal suture of an incorrectly identified
ecdysial suture. FRONTAL SUTURE - In the adult of Musca
domestica, the triangular suture margining the frons and invaginated into
the ptilinum. FRONTOCLYPEUS - A facial area combining
the frons and the clypeus in the absence of an epistomal suture. GANGLION (pl.
GANGLIA) - A nerve center comprised of the terminal axons of the afferent
nerves, the association neurons, and the nerve cells of the efferent nerves. GENA (pl. GENAE)
- The cranial area identified as the cheeks; specifically, the cranial area
below and sometimes before the compound eyes. GENERALIZED -
Primitive in form with structure occurring early in an animal's phylogenetic
history; primitive. GENITAL PORE - External orifice of the median
oviduct or the ejaculatory duct. GLAND CELL - One of the modified epidermal
cells evolved for a secretory function. GLOSSA (pl.
GLOSSAE) - An endite of the labium; usually a median pair of lobes at the
apex of the prelabium; in the adult of Apis mellifera, the median tube
or tongue of the proboscis. GNATHOCEPHALON - A hypothetical posterior
division of the definitive head bearing the gnathal metameres and the
mandibulate appendages. GULA - The
ventral sclerite of the prognathous head bounded by the postoccipital (or
gular) suture; probably a sclerotized expansion of the ventral cervix. GULAR SUTURE - A descriptive name for the
postoccipital suture; in the absence of a clearly identifiable postoccipital
suture, the suture bounding the gula. HAUSTELLATE - Insects with sucking mouth
parts. HAUSTELLUM - The median, tubular region in
the mouth parts of the adult Musca domestica. HEAD - The
tagma which is the center of sensory perception and food ingestion; the
region bearing the functional mouth as in the larva of Musca domestica. HINGE PLATE - In the adult Musca domestica,
a descriptive term for a sclerite posterior to and articulating with the
clypeus. HOLOPTIC - A
descriptive term for Musca domestica relative to the distance of
separation between the compound eyes; in the male Musca domestica as
compared with the female, the eyes are set close together. HYOID SCLERITE - In the mouth parts of the
adult Musca domestica, a small sclerite lying in the narrow channel
between the food canal and the cibarium. HYPOGNATHOUS - A condition of the head where
the mouth parts are in a pendent position and the frontal areas are directed
anteriorly. HYPOPHARYNGIAL LOBE - A
membranous lobular expansion of the hypopharynx before the mouth in Apis
mellifera. HYPOPHARYNGIAL SUSPENSORIA - Apodemes
which activate the anterior portion of the hypopharynx. HYPOPHARYNX - the median lobe or tongue which
in the mandibulate mouth parts lies before the mouth; forms the floor of the
cibarium on its dorsal aspect and the roof of the salivarium on its ventral
aspect. HYPOSTOMAL SCLERITE - An
H-shaped sclerite in the larva of Musca domestica articulating with the
cibarium on its posterior aspect and anteriorly with the mouth hook; serves
to support the salivary duct and provides a salivary channel on its dorsal
surface. INSTAR - Any of
the stages in the development of a holometabolous larva; the first instar is
the physical form of the larva between its eclosion from the egg and its
first molt, etc. INTEGUMENT - The covering or envelope
enclosing the animal's body; in insects, the cuticula. INTERSEGMENTAL MEMBRANE - The
infolded cuticula between metameres, usually soft and flexible. INVAGINATE - An infolding cf the cuticula;
apodemes and intersegmental membranes are invaginations of the body wall. JUGUM (pl. JUGA)
- A descriptive term used in Oncopeltus fasciatus to identify
sclerites laterad of the anteclypeus or tylus; the mandibulate plate since the
apodeme associated with the mandibular muscles arise from these sclerites. LABELLUM (pl.
LABELLA) - The fleshy, pad-like lobes at the distal end of the proboscis in
adult Musca domestica, possibly derived from labial palps; the
spoon-shaped sclerite at the distal end of the glossa in Apis mellifera. LABELLAR SCLERITE - An apodeme in the
proboscis of adult Musca domestica which articulates the labella. LABIAL GUTTER - The dorsal groove in the
labium which accommodates the stylets, specifically the dorsal groove in Musca
domestica; the dorsal gutter of Oncopeltus fasciatus. LABIAL-MAXILLARY COMPLEX - A
partial or complete fusion of the labium and maxillae to form a complex such
as in the mouth parts of the larvae of Phyllophaga rugosa and Heliothis
zea. LABIAL PALPS - The palpi of the labium; the
telopodite of the labial appendages. LABRAL APODEME - An apodeme upon which the
muscles articulating the labium are inserted. LABRAL STYLET GROOVE - In the
mouth parts of Oncopeltus fasciatus, a groove on the ental surface or
the labrum which accommodates the basal stylets. LABIUM - The most
posterior of the gnathal appendages; a composite structure forming the floor
of the mouth cavity in mandibulate mouth parts and appendages which are
variously modified in haustellate forms. LABRUM - A
cranial sclerite articulating at its proximal margin with the clypeus, and
forming an upper lip for the mouth cavity. LARVA (pl.
LARVAE) - The immature stages of the Holometabola, or insects with a complete
metamorphosis, following eclosion and preceding pupation. LATERAL PLATES - The principal
articulatory sclerites of the cervix; a hinge sclerite usually composed of a
DORSAL LATERAL PLATE articulating with the postocciput and a VENTRAL LATERAL
PLATE articulating with the episternum. LATERAL SCLERITE - Paired sclerites
occurring on the lateral margins of the hypopharynx in Leucophaea maderae. LIGULA - The anterior
portion of the prementum of the labium; a term usually used to describe the
anterior area of the labium when the glossae and paraglossae are absent. LINGUA - A term
applied to the fleshy distal portion of the hypopharynx. LONGITUDINAL SUTURE - The
lateral, longitudinal invagination of the abdominal body wall demarcating the
tergum and sternum. LORAL
ARM - An apodeme articulating with the basal aspect of the
hypopharynx. LORUM - A
descriptive term in Apis mellifera for a Y-shaped sclerite forming a
labial-maxilla yoke, its arms articulating with the cardo and the stem with
the postmentum. MAGGOT - The
common, descriptive term for the immature or larval stages of Musca
domestica. MANDIBLE - The most anterior of the gnathal
appendages; in the mandibulate forms, the jaws employed for cutting, crushing
and grinding solid foods. MANDIBULAR APODEME - Apodemes
attached to the mandible upon which either abductor or adductor muscles are
inserted. MANDIBULAR PLATES - Sclerites laterad of the
anteclypeus or tylus in Oncopeltus fasciatus; the jugum cf descriptive
entomology. MANDIBULAR SCLERITE - A cranial
sclerite in the adult of Heliothis zea laterad of the proximal
proboscis; a sclerite that appears to be a remnant of the mandibles. MANDIBULATE - A term used to describe mouth
parts composed of a mandible-maxilla-labium complex; referable to an animal
with chewing mouth parts. MAXILLA (pl.
MAXILLAE) - The second of the post-oral gnathal appendages; appendages of the
mandibulate type of mouth parts serving to augment the mandibles and as an
aid in the ingestion of food; variously modified into a proboscis in the
haustellate forms. MAXILLARY APODEME - An apodeme associated
with the articulatory muscles of the maxillae. MAXILLARY ARTICULATION - A groove
or flange on the posterio-ventral edge of the cranium upon which the maxillae
articulate. MAXILLARY PALP - The palpi of the
maxillae; the telopodite of the maxillae. MAXILLARY PLATE - A descriptive term in Oncopeltus
fasciatus for a sclerite lateral and ventral of the proximal proboscis; a
sclerite lying below the jugum and above the buccula. MENTUM - A term
applied to the distal portion of a divided postmentum. METAMERE - Any of
the principal subdivisions of an insect's body; in the prototype, a
functionally independent unit in the worm-like animal comprised of a
prostomium, 18 subdivisions or metameres, and a periproct. METAMERISM - A descriptive term used to
identify an animal with a body composed of ring-like subdivisions or
metameres. METAMORPHOSIS - The post-embryonic
developmental process; the post-embryonic development required before
attaining the imaginal or sexually mature stage. MICROTRICHIA - Minute, hair-like spines of a
non-cellular composition; fixed, exocuticular outgrowths of the body wall,
the aculei of descriptive entomologists. MOLA - The
posterior, grinding area of the mandible. MOLAR AREA - The grinding area of the
mandible; the mola. MONOCONDYLIC ARTICULATION - A single
point of articulation of an appendage; a single articulation point compared
with the hinge-like, dicondylic articulation. MORPHOLOGY - The
science or study of the functional form of an animal. MOUTH - The
anterior orifice of the oesophagus; frequently refers to the apparent
external opening of the digestive tract; technically, not the oral cavity or
the passage to the cibarium and pharynx. MOUTH HOOK - The hook-shaped, oral sclerlte
ln the maggot employed as a rasping structure. MOUTH PARTS - The organs of ingestion;
including the modified ambulatory structures as the mandibles, maxillae and the
labium, and such cranial lobes as the labrum and hypopharynx; applied to the
ingestive apparatus of mandibulate and haustellate forms, and includes the
specialized oral structures of the maggot. MULTICELLULAR PROCESS - Any of
the evaginations or invaginations of the body wall including the epidermis;
includes apodemes as well as external protuberance NONCELLULAR PROCESS - A
protuberance composed entirely of cuticula; not an evagination involving the
epidermis. NYMPH - The
post-embryonic forms of insects with a gradual or paurometabolous
metamorphosis; the sexually immature forms of such Exopterygota as Leucophaea
maderae or Oncopeltus fasciatus. OESOPHAGUS - The anterior undifferentiated
stomodaeum or fore gut of an insect leading from the mouth to the mesenteron;
or if the stomodaeum is differentiated, that anterior portion from the mouth
to the crop, or proventriculus, etc. OCCIPITAL FORAMEN - The posterior opening of
the cranium or head capsule serving as a passageway for the gut, tracheae,
ventral nerve cord, etc. into the lumen of the head; that portion of the head
margined by the postocciput. OCCIPITAL SUTURE - The suture or demarcation
of the occiput. OCCIPUT - A
posterior sclerotized region of the head set off by an occipital suture and
lying between the vertex and genae and the postocciput. OCELLUS (pl.
OCELLI) - Small, round to ovoid photo receptors with a single dioptric
apparatus; "simple" eyes that may occur in clusters or as a group
of 3 or 2. OCULAR SCLERITE - A peritreme or sclerotic
rim encircling the compound eye. OCULAR SUTURE - A suture demarcating the
sclerotic rim or ocular sclerite of a compound eye. ONTOGENY - The
developmental history or embryological development of an individual. ORAL CAVITY - The mouth; an anterior expansion
of the oesophagus. ORAL
FLAP - A membranous, fleshy lobe at the posterior, mesal angle of the
mandible. OVIPOSITOR - Appendicular structures in the
female arising from the eighth and ninth metameres variously modified for the
handling and deposition of eggs; a modification of the caudal metameres for
the deposition and insertion of eggs. PALPIFER - A
sclerite of the maxilla which bears the maxillary palp. PALPIFORM - Any appendage or protrusion that
is segmented and resembles a palpus such as the maxillary palp. PALPIGER - A
sclerlte of the labium which bears the labial palp. PAPILLA (pl.
PAPILLAE) - A minute, tubular protrusion usually sensory in function. PARAGLOSSA (pl. PARAGLOSSAE) - An endite of
the labium occurring in position to the outside of the glossa. PARANOTAL LOBES - The flap-like
evaginations of the lateral margins of the tergum in fossil forms which may
have been the precursors of wings. PERIPROCT - The anus-bearing subdivision of
the abdomen; the 20th division of a hypothetical prototype bearing the anus. PERITREME - A
ring-like sclerite or protuberance encircling a structure such as a seta or
eye. PHRAGMA - The
apodemes arising from the tergum of the thorax which produce an internal
flange for muscle attachment. PHYLOGENY - The genealogy of a species;
tracing the development or evolutionary history of an individual through such
categories as genus, family, order, etc. PILIFERS - A
descriptive term for a pair of setaceous flaps occurring on the proximal
margins of the proboscis in the adult of Heliothis zea; possible
remnants of mandibles. PIT - A
circular opening in the cuticula leading to the alveolus of a sensory seta or
to the pore canal of a dermal gland. PLEURA -
Collectively the sclerites that comprise the lateral aspect of the thorax. POISON CELL - A modified epidermal cell
capable of secreting an urticating fluid into the lumen of a seta. POSTCLYPEUS - The sclerotized proximal portion
of the clypeus where this sclerlte is divided into sclerotized and membranous
areas. POSTERIOR CONDYLE - Usually a ball-shaped
protuberance on the posterior margin of the mandible which articulates with a
cranial groove; the primary mandibular articulation. POSTERIOR TENTORIAL BRIDGE -The posterior
aspect of a typical TT-shaped tentorium; the united arms of the posterior
tentorial invaginations. POSTERIOR TENTORIAL PITS - The
points of the cranial invaginations which produce the posterior aspect of the
tentorium. POSTGENA (pl.
POSTGENAE) - The posterio-ventral aspect of the head; frequently the ventral
aspect of the occiput. POSTGENAL INFLECTION - In Apis
mellifera, a ventral depression of the head cavity which accommodates the
caudal aspect of the proboscis. POSTLABIUM - The basal or caudal, undivided
portion of the labium articulating with the cervix in the hypognathous head. POSTMENTUM - The postlabium. POSTOCCIPITAL RIDGE - A broad
flange-like apodeme produced by an invagination at the postoccipital suture. POSTOCCIPITAL SUTURE - A suture
demarcating the postocciput, and the line of invagination for the
postoccipital ridge. POSTOCCIPUT - The most posterior sclerite of
the head, usually a collar encircling the occipital foramen; the sclerite
articulating with the labium in primitive forms. PREORAL CAVITY - The cavity of the head
formed by the mandibulate mouth parts preceding the cibarium and the mouth. PRELABIUM - The anterior portion of the
labium bearing the palps and endites; the prementum. PREMENTUM - The prelabium. PRESTOMAL TEETH - In the mouth parts of
adult Musca domestica, five sclerotized plates anchored on the discal
sclerite; apparently used for scraping a food medium. PRESTOMUM - A functional mouth in the
labella of Musca domestica; the opening on the anterior aspect of the
labella margined by the discal sclerite. PRETARSUS - The most distal but incomplete tarsal
segment of the leg usually retracted within the fifth tarsus; bears the claws
and other terminal structures. PRIMARY ANTENNAE - Antennae borne by the
prostomium of the theoretical prototype. PRIMARY SETAE - Those setae of a naked
larva, or the prominent bristles, which are fixed and constant in position. PRIMITIVE - Ancient in occurrence; a
structure which appeared early in the phylogenetic history of a species. PRIMORDIAL MOUTH HOOK - A
formative mouth hook in the maggot, incomplete in development but
recognizable as the developing hook of a subsequent instar. PROBOSCIS - The common term used to describe
the entire haustellate mechanism; a sucking tube or prominent structure of
the sucking apparatus such as the labium of Oncopeltus fasciatus. PROGNATHOUS - A modification of the head which
permits the forward direction of the mouth parts and a rotation of the facial
region to a dorsal position. PROSTHECA - The mesal, fleshy protuberance
of the mandible of Phyllophaga rugosa midway between the mola and the
tip; possibly a remnant of an endite similar to the lacinia of the maxilla. PROSTOMIUM - The head or anterior subdivision
of the theoretical prototype bearing the eyes, antennae and mouth. PROTOCEPHALON - A combined head structure
of a prototype involving the prostomium and the first post-oral metamere. PROTOCEREBRUM - The most anterior (or
dorsal) lobe of the supraoesophagial ganglion which innervates the compound
eyes and ocelli. PROTOTYPE - A primitive, theoretical form
which was the ancestor or precursor of a definitive form. PROTRACTOR MUSCLE - Muscles which project an
appendage or structure away from the central body mass. PROXIMAL - Anything
that is closest to the central body mass; basal. PTILINUM - An
invaginated and emersible sac in the head of adult Musca domestica
which can be expanded thereby increasing the size of the head and assisting
the insect in escaping from its pupal case by bursting the puparium. RETRACTOR MUSCLES - Any muscle system which
draws or pulls a structure within or towards the main body mass or from its
extended position. ROD - In the
mouth parts of Apis mellifera, a sclerotized U-shaped or channeled
structure normally enclosed within the glossa. ROSTRUM - The
fleshy base of the proboscis in the adult Musca domestica. SALIVA - The
secretion of the salivary glands which primarily serves as a digestive
substance (contains enzymes) but which may also serve as an anticoagulant. or
be modified so that it will harden into a silk. SALIVARIUM - A cavity, formed by the ventral
surface of the hypopharynx and the ental surface of the labium, into which
saliva is secreted; in some forms, this cavity may be enclosed to form the
vessel of a salivary pump. SALIVARY GLAND - The tubular glands which
secrete saliva or a substance which will form silk upon drying as in the
holometabolous larvae. SCALE - A
modified seta which is flat or spatulate in shape. SCLERITE - An area of the integument or a
segment of an appendage which is hard or plate-like and is usually bounded by
sutures which may be flexible infoldings of the cuticula. SCLEROTIN - A polymerized, tanned protein
which imparts the hard and horny characteristics of the exocuticle. SCLEROTIZED - Cuticula impregnated with a
polymerized, tanned protein; a hard, inflexible portion of a structure or
integument. SCLEROTIZATION - The process of hardening
the cuticula. SECOND ANTENNA - A theoretical second pair
of sensory structures which may have occurred on the first post-oral
metamere. SECONDARY SETAE - Setae which serve as
clothing hairs usually abundant in number and which do not occur in a uniform
pattern. SENSORY NERVE CELLS - The
secondary or afferent nerve cells which receive stimuli and transmit such
stimuli to the nerve centers. SETA - A
hollow, unicellular protuberance of the body wall secreted by a modified
epidermal cell or trichogen cell; usually a hair or bristle like structure. SETAL MEMBRANE - The thin sheet of
cuticula secreted by a tormogen cell surrounding the base of a setae and
serving as a floor in the alveolus. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM - A difference in
characteristics, coloration or physical form of a structure in the opposite
sexes of a particular species. SITOPHORE - A shallow channel on the dorsal,
proximal surface of the hypopharynx before the mouth. SPECIALIZED - A highly evolved form or
structure; a modification occurring relatively late in the evolutionary
history of an individual. SPINES -
Non-cellular protuberances of the body wall which are hard and inflexible and
composed of exocuticle; these may be hair-like and resemble setae, but are
not hollow and do not arise from an alveolus. SPINNERET - A modification of the salivarium
for the storage, ejection and manipulation of silk. SPUR - The
multicellular protuberances of the body wall which are seated in a flexible
membrane and which may be articulated. STERNUM - The
ventral aspect of the thorax or abdomen. STIPES - In the
maxillae, the sclerotized area bearing the palp and the endites, galea and
lacinia; a coxite comparable to the coxa of a leg. STOMODAEAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - A
secondary nervous system tied in with the central nervous system and
associated with the function of the digestive tract, and comprised of the
frontal ganglion, occipital ganglion and the corpora allatum. STRIDULATING TEETH - In the
larva of Phyllophaga rugosa, a row of stout spines situated on the
dorsal aspect of the stipes; it is assumed that a sound may be produced when
these spines are rubbed upon the mandible. STYLETS - The
bristle-like mandibles and maxillae of Oncopeltus fasciatus which
comprise the piercing and sucking apparatus. SUBCOXA (pl.
SUBCOXAE) - A basal articulating sclerite proximal to the coxa ln a primitive
leg; elements of the subcoxae probably were elaborated into the pleurites of
specialized forms. SUBGENA - The
lateral margin of the cranium above the articulations of the mandibles; the
pleurostoma. SUBGENAL SUTURE - The suture demarcating
the subgena and the gena; the pleurostomal suture. SUBMENTUM - The most proximal subdivision of
the postlabium which articulates directly with the cervix. SUBOCULAR GROOVE - In Leucophaea maderae,
a vertical suture occurring between the ocular suture and the subgenal
suture. SUBOESOPHAGEAL COMMISSURE - The
commissure or hemispherical connective of the tritocerebrum which loops under
the oesophagus. SUBOESOPHAGEAL GANGLION - The
ventral brain mass of the head lying below the oesophagus; a probable fusion
of three pair of ganglia comprising the gnathocephalon which innervates the
mouth parts. SULCUS - A suture
which is deeply grooved or forms a distinct furrow. SUPERLINGUAE - Paired, lobe-like structures
occurring laterad of the hypopharynx ln some forms which are assumed to be
vestiges of a second pair of mandibular appendages; the paragnathae. SUPRAOESOPHAGEAL GANGLION - The
dorsal brain mass in the head occurring above the oesophagus and composed of
three pairs of ganglia innervating the eyes and antennae; probably the brain
centers of the protocephalon. SUTURE - A seam
or impressed line or infolding of the body wall at the point of division
between distinct parts of the body wall or segments of an appendage. TACTILE SENSE ORGANS - Sensory
structures modified for the perception of mechanical stimuli. TAGMA (pl.
TAGMATA) - The principal regions of an insect's body; the head, thorax and
abdomen. TARSUS (pl,
TARSI) - Terminal segments of a leg; ail of the subdivisions distad of the
tibia. TELOPODITE - The distal primary division of a
primitive appendicular structure; in the definitive leg, collectively the
trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsi. TENDON - An
elongated, tubular or cord-like apodeme connecting a muscle system with a
structure. TENTORIAL PIT - A depression in the
cuticula marking the point of invagination of the body wall which produced an
apodeme of the tentorium. TENTORIAL BRIDGE - That portion of the
posterior tentorium which bridges the occipital foramen; the cap of a
TT-shaped tentorium. TENTORIUM - A composite apodeme or
endoskeletal structure of the head serving as a transverse brace above the
mouth parts or on the ventral aspect of the head capsule. TERGUM - The
dorsal aspect of the thorax and abdomen. THECAL SCLERITE - In adult Musca
domestica, a descriptive term for a sclerite occurring on the posterior
surface of the haustellum. THORAX - The
ambulatory tagma of an insect's body composed of three metameres and bearing
the legs and wings. TIBIA - A
segment of the telopodite or of the leg between the femur and the tarsi. TORMOGEN CELL - A modified epidermal cell
which secretes the setal membrane. TRICHOGEN CELL - A modified epidermal cell
which secretes a seta or a scale. TRITOCEREBRUM - The third or ventral
ganglia of the supraoesophagial ganglion; the ganglion of the first post-oral
metamere which innervates the hypothetical second pair of antennae. TROCHANTER - A segment of the telopodite or
of the leg articulating with the coxa and femur. TYLUS - In Oncopeltus
fasciatus, a descriptive term for the head sclerite articulating with the
proboscis; probably the anteclypeus. UNICELLULAR PROCESS - A protuberance
of the body wall involving a single cell in its formation, e.g., a seta. VALVULA (pl.
VALVULAE) - The components of an ovipositor derived from appendicular
structures or primitive abdominal legs. VENTRAL LATERAL PLATE - One of
the principal articulatory sclerites of the cervix; a hinge sclerite. VENTRAL NERVE CORD -
Collectively, the central ganglionic nervous system of the thorax and
abdomen; the composite interconnected metameric ganglia of all of the
post-oral metameres which would technically include the tritocerebrum and the
suboesophageal ganglion. VENTRAL SENSORY PAPILLAE - In the
maggot of Musca domestica, the ventral pair of papillae situated on
the anterior aspect of the functional head. VERTEX - The
cranial area above the frons and between the compound eyes. VESTIGE - A
remnant of an ancient structure or system which is functionless in the
present-day form. |